In 2013, DreamHost began the process to replace VMware NSX with a native OpenStack solution that provides layer 3 network services to tens of 1,000 of VMs serving more than 1,000 DreamHost customers. The 100-percent open source solution saved DreamHost up to 70 percent in capital expenses and 40 percent in operating expenses. Key elements of the open source solution include a light-weight network virtualization platform from Akanda, IT automation recipes written by DreamHost using OpenChef, and an open, easy-to-program network operating system from Cumulus Networks.